374-300Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.enyear-290Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.enyear-288After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.enyear-285/06/26 Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.enyear-285/06/26A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.enyear-284Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.enyear-283The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II.enyear-282Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.enyear-281Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus' widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.enyear-281Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid empire by Antiochus. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.enyear-280Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.enyear-279The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus, who loses Miletus, in south-western Asia Minor, to Ptolemy.enyear-276The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix ampquotPhiladelphoiampquot (ampquotBrother-Lovingampquot) consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.enyear-276The first of the Syrian Wars starts between Egypt's Ptolemy II and Seleucid emperor Antiochus I Soter. The Egyptians invade northern Syria, but Antiochus defeats and repels his opponent's army.enyear-275The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.enyear-274Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.enyear-272The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.enyear-272Egypt's victories solidify the kingdom's position as the undisputed naval power of the eastern Mediterranean the Ptolemaic sphere of power now extends over the Cyclades to Samothrace, and the harbours and coastal towns of Cilicia Trachea, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria.enyear-268Chremonides, an Athenian statesman and general, issues the Decree of Chremonides, creating an alliance between Sparta, Athens, and Ptolemy II of Egypt. The origins of this alliance lay in the continuing desire of many Greek states, notably Athens and Sparta, for a restoration of their former independence, along with the desire of Ptolemy II to create troubles for his rival Antigonus II, King of Macedonia. Ptolemy II's ambitions in the Aegean Sea are threatened by Antigonus Gonatas' fleet, so he carefully builds up a coalition against Macedonia in Greece. He especially cultivates Athens by supplying the city with grain.enyear-267Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.enyear-265Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the King of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.enyear-251Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II would exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia.enyear-246Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and Greeks.enyear-245Babylon and Susa fall to the Egyptian armies of Ptolemy III.enyear-245Following a long engagement, Ptolemy III marries Berenice II, the daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene thereby reuniting Egypt and Cyrenaica.enyear-244The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.enyear-244By defeating the Egyptian fleet at Andros, Antigonus II is able to maintain his control over the Aegean Sea.enyear-243Ptolemy III returns from Syria by a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.enyear-243Ptolemy III returns from his conquests of Seleucid territory with a large amount of treasure and works of art, including many statues of Egyptian gods carried off to Persia by Cambyses. He restores the statues to the Egyptian temples and earns the title of Euergetes (ampquotBenefactorampquot).enyear-242The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.enyear-239Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the ampquotWar of the Brothersampquot.enyear-238The Decree of Canopus, also called ampquotTable of Tanisampquot, is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort Berenice. The decree, written in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.enyear-222Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated in the Battle of Sellasia (north of Sparta) by Antigonus III and his allies, the Achaean League and the Illyrians (under the command of Demetrius of Pharos), and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied.enyear-221Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV. Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his Chief Minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.enyear-221King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who is in exile in Egypt, is imprisoned by Ptolemy IV on a charge of conspiracy.enyear-220With Molon occupying significant parts of the Seleucid kingdom and assuming the title of king, on the advice of his chief Minister, Hermeias, Antiochus III abandons a campaign to conquer southern Syria from Egypt. Antiochus III instead marches against Molon, defeating and killing him and his brother Alexander on the far bank of the Tigris. Antiochus goes on conquer Atropatene, the north-western part of Media.enyear-220Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt.enyear-219Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.enyear-219The former King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt in Alexandria, takes his own life.enyear-218/12/18Negotiations between the new Egyptian King Ptolemy IV and the Seleucid King Antiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences. Antiochus III gains territory in Lebanon, Palestine and Phoenicia.enyear-217/06/22 Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crushes the Seleucid army under Antiochus III at Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.enyear-216/08/02A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down by Ptolemy IV.enyear-214The censors Publius Furius Philus and Marcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, including senators and equestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in the Battle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services in Greece, Egypt, or Asia Minor.enyear-211Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.enyear-210Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government of Egypt. Although Arsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.enyear-205The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt.enyear-204The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination.enyear-204Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.enyear-202/10/19The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian.enyear-202/10/19Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign.enyear-202/10/19The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles’ place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed.enyear-202/10/19During this period of confusion and change amongst Egypt’s leadership, armies under the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, make serious inroads into the Egyptian territories in Coele Syria.enyear-201Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north.enyear-200The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.enyear-198The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.enyear-197The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.enyear-196The Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a Ptolemaic era stele written with the same text in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples.enyear-195After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.enyear-194With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.enyear-193Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.enyear-185The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.enyear-181Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.enyear-176Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.enyear-175During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides.enyear-170With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.enyear-170Antiochus IV decides to let Ptolemy VI continue as king of Egypt, but as his puppet. He does this to minimise any reaction from Rome towards his invasion. Antiochus IV then departs Egypt to deal with disturbances in Palestine, but he safeguards his access to Egypt with a strong garrison in Pelusium.enyear-170With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king. The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces.enyear-170The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.enyear-168/06/22The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.enyear-168/06/22Antiochus IV then invades Egypt again and occupies Lower Egypt and his forces camp outside Alexandria. However, the Roman ambassador in Alexandria, Gaius Popillius Laenas, intervenes. He presents Antiochus IV with an ultimatum that he evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Antiochus, taken by surprise, asks for time to consider. Popillius, however, draws a circle in the earth (i.e. ampquota line in the sandampquot) around the king with his walking stick and demands an unequivocal answer before Antiochus leaves the circle. Fearing the consequences of a war with Rome, the king agrees to comply with the ambassador's demands. In return, the Romans agree that Antiochus IV can retain southern Syria, to which Egypt has laid claim, thus enabling Antiochus IV to preserve the territorial integrity of his realm.enyear-167King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, believing Judea to be in revolt, returns to there after the failure of his Egyptian campaign and orders his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they meet and to slay those who have taken refuge in their houses. In the space of three days, 80,000 are lost in Jerusalem, 40,000 meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery.ampamp2 Maccabees 5:11–14.ampampenyear-164The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.enyear-163The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.enyear-161Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.enyear-154The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.enyear-153The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been ampquotdiscoveredampquot by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.enyear-150The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.enyear-150The new king of the Seleucid Empire, Alexander Balas, marries Cleopatra Thea, a daughter of Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt.enyear-145http://www.touregypt.net/32dyn07.htm|publisher=TourEgypt|accessdate=28 June 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100628120937/http://www.touregypt.net/32dyn07.htm| archivedate= 28 June 2010 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp]]>enyear-124Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile.enyear-116/06/26Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros becomes king of Egypt and claims the throne.enyear-80Ptolemy XII Auletes succeeds Ptolemy XI Alexander II to the throne of Egypt.enyear-58Berenice IV becomes queen of Egypt after temporarily dethroning her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes.enyear-48August 9 ampampndash Battle of Pharsalus: Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large pardoned.enyear-48September 28 ampampndash Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear).enyear-48October ampampndash Julius Caesar reached Alexandria, city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offered him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head.enyear-48Siege of Alexandria: Queen Cleopatra VII returns to the palace rolled into a Persian carpet and has it presented to Caesar by her servant. The Egyptian princess, only twenty-one years old, becomes his mistress.enyear-48December ampampndash Battle in Alexandria, Egypt between the forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire and is burned down.enyear-47February ampampndash Roman general Julius Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed Caesar then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria.enyear-47Pharaoh Cleopatra VII promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler.enyear-46Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, taken up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.enyear-44/04/18Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.enyear-36/09/03October ampampndash Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra VII and is still married to Octavia.enyear-34Autumn ampampndash The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt he declared Caesarion, Caesar's legitimate son as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus. Alexander Helios received Armenia and Media, to Cleopatra Selene{{Disambiguation needed|date=July 2011}} he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus received the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony established Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of ampquotQueen of Kingsampquot.enyear-31/09/02The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.enyear-30/08/01 Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.enyear-30/08/01Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burned the Egyptian ships.enyear-30/08/01With the suicide of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the execution of Ptolemy XV Caesarion the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt.enyear-30Antony retreats his army (7 legions) to Egypt and receive the news that Pelusium, has opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.enyear-29Octavian celebrates in Rome three triumphs on consecutive days (August 13, August 14, and August 15) to commemorate his victories in Illyricum, Actium and Egypt.enyear-27/01/16Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).enyear-25King Amyntas dies, Galatia becomes a Roman province. The Roman troops based there are transferred to Egypt.enyear-24Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony.enyear-23The Nubians, led by queen Candace Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine.enyear-23In response to Meroe's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (Early history of Sudan).enyear-22The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches the Nile with legions XXII ''Deiotariana'' and III ''Cyrenaica'', and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.enyear-10The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti, now in the Piazza Montecitorio.enyear19Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.enyear40Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.enyear54/10/13Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the sources of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest.enyear70Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.enyear70/08/04Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.enyear88Two Egyptian obelisks are erected in Benevento in front of the Temple of Isis, in honour of emperor Domitian.enyear115Jews in Egypt and Cyrene ignite a revolt (Kitos War) against the rule of the Roman Empire, which spreads to Cyprus, Judea, and the Roman province of Mesopotamia.enyear115Alexandria in Egypt is destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars. Marcus Rutilius Lupus, the Roman governor, sends Legio XXII Deiotariana to protect the inhabitants of Memphis.enyear128Roman agriculture declines as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm and forcing many farmers off the land.enyear128Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.enyear132The legion X ''Fretensis'' must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which would last for only 30 months. The legion XXII ''Deiotariana'', which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.enyear153Minor uprisings occur in Egypt against Roman rule.enyear172Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypte and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.enyear190Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.enyear190The percentage of silver in the Egyptian denarius is lowered from 90% to 70%.enyear200Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.enyear212The edict of emperor Caracalla (''Constitutio Antoniniana'') extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship.enyear215Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens. The emperor is angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.enyear250An epidemic of smallpox begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the roman colonies in North Africa and spreads through the Roman Empire. Named the Plague of Cyprian after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.enyear260Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.enyear269Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.enyear272Emperor Aurelian sends his commander Marcus Aurelius Probus to restore Roman rule in Egypt.enyear292Achilleus, Roman general, is proclaimed emperor in Alexandria. For two years he rules over Egypt, but in the end the rebellion is crushed by Emperor Diocletian.enyear294Emperor Diocletian goes with the young Constantine I the Great (later the first Christian Roman Emperor) on his staff to Egypt. He besieges Alexandria, and deposes ampquotemperorampquot Achilleus.enyear295Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, is dispatched to Egypt to fight against the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.enyear296Maximian, emperor (''Augustus'') of the Roman Empire, mobilised an army, consisting of Praetorian cohorts, Aquileian, Egyptian, and Danubian legionaries, marching through Spain. He crosses the Strait of Gibraltar into Mauretania (modern Morocco) to protect the area against Frankish pirates.enyear300The Tetrarchs are probably made in Egypt. After 330 they are moved to Constantinople and in 1204 they are installed at the corner of the facade of the St Mark's Basilica, Venice (approximate date).enyear305/05/01Maximinus II (305–313) persecutes the Christians of Egypt, many of whom take refuge in the desert. In time, this refuge leads to the monastic life. In these monasteries Coptic writing develops, supporting the propagation of Christian texts.enyear343Pope Julius I tries to unite the Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Sardica (later Sofia), which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong.enyear356/02/19 Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.enyear362/02/21 Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt until after Julian's death next year.enyear375/11/17The earliest extant books – a school textbook and an account book – with bound wooden leaves, are lost at the Dakhla Oasis in western Egypt. The desert sands preserve them for modern archaeologists.enyear377Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens under queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.enyear380/11/24The annexation of western provinces by Chandragupta II give him control over commerce with Europe and Egypt.enyear384An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt).enyear385The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which become the Latin Vulgate.enyear390Theodosius I brings an obelisk from Egypt to the Hippodrome of Constantinople.enyear394/09/06The last known hieroglyph is written in Philae, Egypt.enyear425/10/23Last known usage of Demotic script in Egypt.enyear442The Monastery of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite (White Monastery) near Sohag (Egypt) is built.enyear460/03/27The Coptic Orthodox Church (Egypt) splits from the Chalcedonian Church of Alexandria.enyear482Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (''Henotikon'') in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451) and resolve differences between the eastern and western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons.enyear484/07/19 Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.enyear491/05/20Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).enyear532/02/23 Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople ampndash the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire ampndash such as Hellenistic columns from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and large stones from quarries in porphyry from Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.enyear541/01/01ampquotPlague of Justinianampquot: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa.enyear542Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (before counting stops) and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the Empire. The Emperor Justinian, renewer of the greatness of Rome's empire and patron of the world's greatest religious building, the Hagia Sophia, contracts the disease but recovers.enyear549c. 549ampampndash564 ampampndash Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt, is made.enyear639The Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab initiates the Islamic invasion of Egypt.enyear641/11/08The city of Fostat (later Cairo) is founded in Egypt.enyear646Alexandria is recaptured by the Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 year of Greaco-Roman civilization in Egypt.enyear652Second Battle of Dongola between Makuria and Arab Egypt. Establishes the Baqt.enyear725In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against taxation leads to a revolt.enyear737Egypt: Christians invade from the south with the aim of protecting the Patriarch of Alexandria.enyear748January ampampndash An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture.enyear828A Coptic revolt breaks out in Egypt.enyear837Saracens from Egypt attack the Italian city of Naples.enyear853/05/22May 23 ampndash A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys Damietta in Egypt.enyear868Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish mameluk general in Arab army founds Tulunid dynasty in Egypt.enyear904The Abbasids invade the Tulunid emirate of Egypt.enyear905The Abbasid Caliphate re-establishes control of Egypt from the Tulunids.enyear913The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt.enyear914/07/11 al-Qa'im, son of the Fatimid caliph Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi leaves Raqqada in an attempt to conquer Egypt.ref name=quotHalmquot /enyear914/08/27 Hubasa takes Alexandria after his victory on the Egyptian troops near al-Hanniyya yet Tekin, the Abbassid governor refuses to surrender and asks for reenforcements which reach him in September.enyear919The Fatimids of Ifriqiya (modern days Tunisia) try to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Maghribi have to retreat two years later.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La Découverte pp.38.ampampenyear935A third attempt to conquer Egypt by the Tunisia-based Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty fails.enyear969/12/11The Fatimids conquer Egypt and move their capital from Kairouan (in modern Tunisia) to Fustat, subsequently founding a new capital city just north of Fustat, and naming it Cairo.enyear974The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli Fatimid rule is consolidated there.enyear975Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world).enyear979Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as Vizir of Egypt, and replaced by Yaqub ibn Killis.enyear996/11/01Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.enyear1008The Egyptian Fatimid Empire under Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends the sea captain Domiyat on a tributary mission to Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order to reestablish trade relations between Egypt and China.enyear1011/06/11Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness in fear of angering Al-Hakim, and is kept under house arrest until 1021. During this time he begins writing his influential ''Book of Optics''.enyear1049Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib. They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.enyear1060/12/06Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).enyear1116Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertakes an invasion of Egypt.enyear1118/06/11Baldwin I of Jerusalem invades Egypt.enyear1123/08/09The Venetian fleet defeats the Egyptian fleet off Ascalon.enyear1163The Egyptian empire is resurrected for 10 days.enyear1167/05/29Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt.enyear1168/12/22 Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (in today's Old Cairo) will be captured by the Crusaders, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.enyear1169Nur ad-Din Zangi invades Egypt, and names his nephew Saladin sultan as well as vizier of Cairo.enyear1171Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate, restoring Sunni rule in Egypt.enyear1176Al-Adil I, the Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees around the city.enyear1193/08/15Following the death of Saladin, the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.enyear1218/05/24 The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.enyear1218/08/31 Al-Kamil becomes the new Egyptian Sultan on the death of his father Al-Adil.enyear1219/11/05 Damietta, Egypt falls to the Crusaders after a siege.enyear1219/11/05Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade.enyear1219/11/05The Egyptian city of Al Mansurah is founded.enyear1247/12/01Egypt takes control of Jerusalem from the Kharezmians.enyear1248/08/15King Louis IX of France launches the Seventh Crusade, leading an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.enyear1249King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt, the first major military engagement of the Seventh Crusade.enyear1250/04/30 King Louis IX of France is released by his Egyptian captors, after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.enyear1250/07/03 Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade he later has to ransom himself.enyear1250/07/03The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.enyear1251April ampampndash The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.enyear1254King Louis IX of France, having exhausted his funds and being needed at home, abandons the Seventh Crusade (which he had conducted first in Egypt and then Syria) and returns to France.enyear1260/10/24 Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.enyear1265/02/05The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.enyear1272Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.enyear1276Mamluk sultan Baibars conquers Al-Maris, previously part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.enyear1279/10/12Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun of Egypt invade Armenia a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.enyear1280Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.enyear1284Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun signs a 10-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.enyear1287Mongol Ilkhan Arghun Khan dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.enyear1291/05/18 Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).enyear1292/11/17Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.enyear1293December ampampndash Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.enyear1303/08/08 An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world.enyear1315/11/15Estimation: Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.enyear1318/06/27Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad.enyear1348/11/01http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm Geography at about.comampamp]]>enyear1363/08/30The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is completed in Cairo, Egypt.enyear1365/06/02October ampampndash Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.enyear1375/04/14 The Mamluks from Egypt complete their conquest of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Levon V Lusignan of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.enyear1376/12/25Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Shaban II is succeeded by Alah-ad-Din Ali.enyear1377/10/26Sayf ad-Din Berkuk leads a revolt against the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Alah-ad-Din Ali.enyear1381/06/15Hajji I succeeds Alah-ad-Din Ali as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Berkuk.enyear1382/11/27After a five year revolt, Berkuk deposes Hajji II as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, marking the end of the Bahri dynasty and the start of the Burji dynasty.enyear1389/11/02Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.enyear1390/10/09Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.enyear1393/01/28King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI (although the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers).enyear1399/11/01Faraj succeeds his father, Barquq, as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.enyear1400/09/16Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.enyear1444/11/10Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.enyear1480/09/27The Lighthouse of Alexandria's final remains disappear when Qaitbay, Sultan of Egypt, builds the Citadel of Qaitbay on its site.enyear1497/12/05Iamblichus ''De mysteriis Aegyptorum'' edited by Marsilio Ficino is published.enyear1517/01/22 Battle of Ridaniya: The Turkish forces of Selim I defeat the main Mamluk army in Egypt under Touman Bey.enyear1517/10/31Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, conquers Egypt and declares himself Caliph.enyear1773/05/08 In Egypt, Ottoman rebels revolt, killing Ali Bey, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.enyear1798/07/01 Napoleon's troops land in Egypt.enyear1799/05/21 Siege of Acre ends after two months: Napoleon's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.enyear1799/07/15 In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.enyear1799/07/25 At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.enyear1801/03/21 Second Battle of Abukir in Egypt: British troops defeat the French, but the British commander, Sir Ralph Abercromby, dies later of a wound received in the action.enyear1803/05/19 Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt.enyear1805/07/09 Muhammad Ali Pasha founds his dynasty in Egypt.enyear1811/03/01 Citadel Massacre in Cairo: Egyptian ruler Mohammed Ali kills the last Mamluk leaders.enyear1817/11/22 Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.enyear1821/12/19High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.enyear1824/12/24The Egyptians capture Crete.enyear1827/05/20July 9 ampndash Zarafa, a giraffe presented by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France, the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, walks from Marseilles to Paris.{{cite book|last=Allin|first=Michael|title=Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris|year=1999|publisher=Delta Books|isbn=0-385-33411-7}}enyear1827/10/20 Greek War of Independence ampndash Battle of Navarino: British, French, and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.enyear1827/10/20Egypt: Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.enyear1832/05/10 The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.enyear1832/12/21 Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.enyear1839/11/27The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.enyear1840/09/10 Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut and land troops on the coast to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country.enyear1852/11/21http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm CommunicationSolutions/ISI, ampquotRailroad — Western Railroad Companyampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp]]>enyear1854/06/21Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Pasha of Egypt.enyear1854/11/17 In Egypt, the Suez Canal company is formed.enyear1863/08/21http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm CommunicationSolutions/ISI, ampquotRailroad — Western Railroad Companyampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp]]>enyear1865/07/07 Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Payne and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.enyear1869/11/17 In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.enyear1875/09/07 Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.enyear1875/11/16 Battle of Gundat: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes defeats another Egyptian army.enyear1879/12/31Colonel Ahmed Arabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party.enyear1882/06/11 The Urabi Revolt breaks out in Egypt against the Khedive and European influence in that country.enyear1882/09/13 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.enyear1883/09/11 Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule.enyear1888/06/29 Handel's ''Israel in Egypt'' is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace, it being the earliest known recording of classical music.enyear1889/08/03 Mahdist War: Egyptian and British victory at the Battle of Toski.enyear1898/09/02 Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan.enyear1899/01/19 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed.enyear1910/02/20 Boutros Ghali, the first native-born prime minister of Egypt, is assassinated.enyear1914/12/18 (magazine)|Time|date=1923-04-28|accessdate=2012-08-24}}]]>enyear1919/03/09 The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 breaks out.enyear1922/02/22 Following intense nationalist agitation after World War I, Great Britain proclaims Egypt formally independent but continues to occupy the country militarily and control its politics.enyear1922/02/28 The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence.enyear1922/03/15 Egypt having gained nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.enyear1922/11/04 In Egypt, British archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.enyear1923/12/29The Hoda Cha'arawi Association (formerly The Egyptian Feminist Union) is established in Egypt.enyear1936/08/26 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is signed.enyear1938/01/20 King Farouk of Egypt marries Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo.enyear1939/03/15Princess Fawzia of Egypt marries Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.enyear1940/12/09 WWII: Operation Compass ampndash British forces in North Africa begin their first major offensive with an attack on Italian forces at Sidi Barrani, Egypt.enyear1941/04/15 WWII: Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian frontier.enyear1945/02/24 The Egyptian Premier Ahmad Mahir Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.enyear1945/03/22 The Arab League is formed with the adoption of a charter in Cairo, Egypt.enyear1948/05/141948 Arab-Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces.enyear1948/11/17 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Fawzia of Egypt.enyear1948/12/28 A Muslim Brotherhood member assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashienyear1948/12/31 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive the Egyptians from Negevenyear1950/03/22 Egypt demands that Britain remove all its troops in the Suez Canal.enyear1950/11/20Anti-British riots erupt in Egypt.enyear1951/10/27 Farouk of Egypt declares himself king of Sudan, with no support.enyear1951/12/06 A state of emergency is declared in Egypt due to increasing riots.enyear1952/05/06Farouk of Egypt has himself announced as a descendant of prophet Muhammad.enyear1952/07/21General Mohammed Naguib leads The Free Officers (formed by Gamal Abdel Nasser – the real power behind the coup) in the overthrow of King Farouk of Egypt.enyear1953/06/18Egypt declares itself a republic.enyear1954/02/25Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes premier of Egypt.enyear1954/11/14Egyptian president Mohammed Naguib is deposed Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him.enyear1956/01/01The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.enyear1956/01/16Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine.enyear1956/06/18The last foreign troops leave Egypt.enyear1956/06/23Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt.enyear1956/07/26Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.enyear1956/10/22Suez Crisis: Britain, France, and Israel secretly meet in and make plans to invade Egypt.enyear1956/10/26Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.enyear1956/10/26Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.enyear1957/01/16Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).enyear1957/03/08 Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal.enyear1957/04/09 Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping.enyear1957/07/14 Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.enyear1958/02/01Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.enyear1960/01/09January 11 – Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt.enyear1961/07/05http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html|title=Missile Overview|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080105202129/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Egypt/Missile/index.html| archivedate= 5 January 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= yes}}{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html|title=July 1961|publisher=NASA| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20071117062555/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1961-3.html| archivedate= 17 November 2007 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}]]>enyear1961/09/28 A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.enyear1962/11/03Saudi Arabia breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.enyear1966/04/15 An anti-Nasser conspiracy is exposed in Egypt.enyear1966/08/21 Seven men are sentenced to death in Egypt, for anti-Nasser agitation.enyear1967/05/11President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in the Sinai. U.N. Secretary-General U Thant complies (May 18).enyear1967/05/23Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel's southern port of Eilat, and Israel's entire Red Sea coastline.enyear1967/10/20An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer ''Eilat'', killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.enyear1970/04/06Israeli Air Force F4 Phantom II fighter bombers kill forty-seven Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known as Bahr el-Baqar massacre. The single-floor school was hit by five bombs and two air-to-ground missiles.enyear1970/07/21 The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.enyear1970/09/28 Gamal Abdal Nasser dies Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt.enyear1970/10/14In Egypt, a referendum supports Anwar Sadat 90.04%.enyear1970/10/16Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt.enyear1970/10/16Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister.enyear1970/11/05Egypt, Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation.enyear1970/12/16An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid.enyear1971/01/15 The Aswan High Dam officially opens in Egypt.enyear1971/04/12Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation.enyear1971/05/16 A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in Egypt.enyear1971/10/27The Egyptian Opera House (Khedivial Opera House) burns down in Cairo.enyear1972/07/18Anwar Sadat expels 20,000 Soviet advisors from Egypt.enyear1973/10/06Yom Kippur War: The fourth and largest Arab–Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur.enyear1973/11/11Egypt and Israel sign a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.enyear1977/11/10Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.enyear1978/02/19 Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airportenyear1978/09/17 The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.enyear1978/10/27 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.enyear1979/01/16 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran flees Iran with his family, relocating to Egypt after a year of turmoil.enyear1979/03/26 In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign a peace treaty.enyear1980/01/26http://www.historyorb.com/countries/egypt?p=3 Historyorb.com]]>enyear1981/10/06 Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is assassinated during a parade by army members who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization they opposed his negotiations with Israel.enyear1981/10/14 Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt 1 week after Anwar Sadat's assassination.enyear1982/04/25 Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty.enyear1984/11/30December – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.enyear1985/11/23 EgyptAir Flight 648 is hijacked by the Abu Nidal group and flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm the plane 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.enyear1986/02/17Egyptian military police, protesting against bad salaries, enter 4 luxury hotels near the pyramids, set fire to them and loot them.enyear1989/03/15 Israel hands over Taba to Egypt, ending a seven-year territorial dispute.enyear1990/02/28A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, Egypt, kills 16 people.enyear1990/08/02Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab nations vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq.enyear1991/11/21 The United Nations Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the United Nations.enyear1991/12/15 The Egyptian ferry ''Salem Express'' sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.enyear1992Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.enyear1995/11/16Egypt, Eilat, Israel, and much of the North African Mediterranean is struck by the strongest earthquake (7.2 ampmathampM_\mathrm{w}amp/mathamp) along the Dead Sea Transform in a century 8 are killed.enyear1996/01/04 Hosni Mubarak, the president of Egypt, appoints a new government in response to accusations of corruption in the parliamentary elections in late 1995.{{Clarify|date=January 2009}}enyear1996/03/14 An international peace summit is held in Egypt, in response to escalating terrorist attacks in the Middle East.enyear1996/04/11In reaction to the Qana Massacre, an Islamist group in Egypt open fire on a hotel, killing 18 Greek tourists and injuring 17 others.enyear1997/11/17 In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut.enyear1999/10/27EgyptAir Flight 990, travelling from New York City to Cairo, crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board. When the pilot leaves the cockpit, the co-pilot causes the Boeing 767 to enter a steep dive, resulting in impact with the Atlantic Ocean.enyear2000/10/21 Fifteen Arab leaders convene in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in 4 years the Libyan delegation walks out, angry over signs the summit will stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.enyear2002/02/20 In Reqa Al-Gharbiya, Egypt, a fire on a train injures over 65 and kills at least 370.enyear2004/01/03 Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt, killing all 148 aboard.enyear2004/10/08 Suicide bombers detonate 2 bombs at the Red Sea resort of Taba, Egypt, killing 34 people, mainly Israeli tourists and Egyptian workers.enyear2005/02/26http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002192140_egypt28.html|title=Mubarak reform plan just a start, critics say|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-15|date=2005-02-28|author=Nadia Abou El-Magd | work=The Seattle Times}}]]>enyear2005/07/23http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-07/23/content_3256722.htm|title=Death toll from Egypt blasts rises to 59 - TV|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=November 9, 2009|date=July 23, 2005}}]]>enyear2006/02/03http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,183906,00.html|title=Relatives Trash Company Offices After Red Sea Disaster|agency=Associated Press|date=2006-02-06|accessdate=2009-07-05|work=Fox News}}]]>enyear2008/01/22http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/24/egypt.israelandthepalestinians|title=Palestinians pour into Egypt after militants blow hole in border barrier|date=January 24, 2008|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=November 21, 2008 | location=London}}ampamp]]>enyear2008/09/06http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/|title=Hundreds feared trapped in Egypt rockslide | work=CNN|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110428214938/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/06/egypt.rockslide.ap/ |archivedate = April 28, 2011|deadurl=yes}}]]>enyear2011/02/11http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121125158705862.html | title=Hosni Mubarak resigns as president | accessdate=11 February 2011 | date=11 February 2011 | publisher=AlJazeera | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110211082027/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121125158705862.html| archivedate= 11 February 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}]]>enyear2011/09/17http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/16/tech/social-media/twitter-occupy-wall-street/index.html|date=September 17, 2011|accessdate=September 17, 2011}}ref name=quotadbusters1quot{{cite web|url=http://www.adbusters.org/campaigns/occupywallstreet |title=Occupy Wall Street amp#124 September 17th |publisher=Adbusters.org|accessdate=October 6, 2011}}{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/25/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true|title=Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street|accessdate=15 November 2011|publisher=The Guardian|date=25 October 2011|location=London|first1=Jack|last1=Shenker|first2=Adam|last2=Gabbatt}}{{cite web|url =http://aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/F39F8293-C172-4018-9725-1E1184EED075.htm?GoogleStatID=9|title = احتجاجات بـ82 دولة للمطالبة بالعدالة| publisher = AlJazeera.net|accessdate = January 3, 2012}}ref name=quotguardianquot{{cite news |title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities |author=Joanna Walters|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis|newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 October 2011|accessdate=October 14, 2011 |location=London}}ref name=quottheatlanticquot{{cite news|title=Occupy the World: The '99 Percent' Movement Goes Global |author=Derek Thompson|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/10/occupy-the-world-the-99-percent-movement-goes-global/246757/ |newspaper=The Atlantic|date=Oct 15 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}{{cite news |title=Occupy Wall Street protests go global |author=Karla Adam|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/occupy-wall-street-protests-go-global/2011/10/15/gIQAp7kimL_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=November 8, 2011}}{{cite news |title=Occupy Wall Street protests continue worldwide |author=Karla Adam |url= |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 8, 2011}}ref name=quotguardian2quot{{cite news|author=Joanna Walters in Seattle|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis |title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities amp#124 World news amp#124 The Observer |work=The Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=October 13, 2011 |date=8 October 2011}}]]>enyear2012/02/01http://edition.cnn.com/2012/02/02/world/africa/egypt-soccer-deaths/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=2 February 2012|date= 2 February 2012|publisher=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|title=Anger flares in Egypt after 79 die in soccer riot}}ref name=quotbbcquot{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16845841|accessdate=1 February 2012|date= 1 February 2012|publisher=BBC News|title=Egypt football violence leaves many dead in Port Said}}]]>enyear